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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shell star</span></span>
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<p>A <b>shell star</b> is a <a href="Star" title="Star">star</a> having a <a href="Stellar_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar spectrum">spectrum</a> that shows extremely broad <a href="Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a>, plus some very narrow absorption lines. They typically also show some <a href="Emission_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission line">emission lines</a>, usually from the <a href="Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a> but occasionally of other lines. The broad absorption lines are due to rapid rotation of the <a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>, the emission lines from an equatorial disk, and the narrow absorption lines are produced when the disc is seen nearly edge-on.
</p><p>Shell stars have <a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a> O7.5 to F5, with rotation velocities of 200–300 km/s, not far from the point when the rotational acceleration would disrupt the star.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectrum">Spectrum</h2></div>
<p>The shell stars are defined as a group by the existence of rotationally broadened photospheric spectral lines in combination with very narrow <a href="Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bohlender_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohlender-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rivinius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivinius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emission lines are frequently present but not regarded as a defining feature. The exact spectral lines present vary to some extent: <a href="Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer emission lines</a> are very common, but may be weak or absent in cooler stars; FeII lines are common but not always present; helium lines may be seen in the hottest stars. The photospheric lines are rotationally broadened showing projected velocities of <span class="nowrap">200 <a href="Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">km/s</a></span> or more.<sup id="cite_ref-slettebak_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slettebak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The line profiles in shell star spectra are complex, with variable wings, cores, and superpositions of absorption and emission features. In some cases, particular absorption of emission features are only visible as modifications to a line profile, or a weakening of another line. This leads to double and triple-peaked lines, or asymmetric lines.<sup id="cite_ref-rivinius_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivinius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Shell stars very commonly have emission lines and thus are often <a href="Be_star" title="Be star">Be stars</a>, although they can also occur in spectral classes O, A, and occasionally F.<sup id="cite_ref-rivinius_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivinius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2></div>
<p>Shell stars have been subdivided into four categories, although these categories are no longer recognised as meaningful and are rarely seen in modern publications:<sup id="cite_ref-slettebak_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slettebak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<ul><li>early <a href="Be_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Be stars">Be stars</a> of spectral types O7.5 to B2.5</li>
<li>middle Be stars of types B3 to B6.5,</li>
<li>late Be stars of types B7 to B9.5, and</li>
<li>A-F shell stars ranging from A0 to F5.</li></ul>
<p>The vast majority of known shell stars are of spectral class B. However, partly because of this many cooler shell stars have remained undetected.<sup id="cite_ref-bohlender_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bohlender-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Be phenomenon, and hence the term Be star itself, is now widely applied to similar stars not only of spectral class B, but also A and sometimes O and F.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variability">Variability</h2></div>
<p>Shell stars often show variability in their spectra and brightness. The shell features may come and go, with the star changing from a shell star to a normal B star or Be star. Shell stars which show irregular variability due to changes in, or the disappearance of, the "shell" are called <a href="Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae variable">Gamma Cassiopeiae variables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gcvs_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gcvs-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Pleione_(star)" title="Pleione (star)">Pleione</a> and <a href="Gamma_Cassiopeiae" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a> itself are both variable stars that have intermittent shell episodes where strong shell features appear in the spectrum and the brightness increases or decreases significantly. At other times the shell is not detectable in the spectrum, and even the emission lines may disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-rivinius_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rivinius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="1_Delphini" title="1 Delphini">1 Delphini</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-bohlender-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bohlender_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bohlender_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFBohlender2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bohlender, D. (2016). "Searching for and Monitoring Ae and a Shell Stars at the DAO". <i>Bright Emissaries: Be Stars as Messengers of Star-Disk Physics</i>. <b>506</b>: 275. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ASPC..506..275B">2016ASPC..506..275B</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rivinius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivinius_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivinius_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivinius_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivinius_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiviniusŠteflBaade2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rivinius, Th.; Štefl, S.; Baade, D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20053008">"Bright Be-shell stars"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>459</b> (1): 137. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A&A...459..137R">2006A&A...459..137R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20053008">10.1051/0004-6361:20053008</a></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-slettebak-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slettebak_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slettebak_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSlettebak,_A.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Slettebak, A. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190820">"Spectral types and rotational velocities of the brighter Be stars and A-F type shell stars"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. <b>50</b>: 80, <span class="nowrap">55–</span>83. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApJS...50...55S">1982ApJS...50...55S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190820">10.1086/190820</a></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gcvs-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gcvs_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/cats/B/gcvs/vartype.txt">"vartype.txt"</a>. <i>cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr</i> (<a href="FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>).</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(To view documents see Help:FTP)</span> in <cite id="CITEREFSamus,_N.N.Durlevich,_O.V." class="citation web cs1">Samus, N.N.; Durlevich, O.V. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?B/gcvs">"Combined General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS)"</a>.</cite></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPorter1996" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, John M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F280.3.L31">"On the rotational velocities of Be and Be-shell stars"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>280</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">L31 –</span> <span class="nowrap">L35</span>. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MNRAS.280L..31P">1996MNRAS.280L..31P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F280.3.L31">10.1093/mnras/280.3.L31</a></span>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFQuirrenbachBuscherMozurkewichHummel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Quirrenbach, A.; Buscher, D. F.; Mozurkewich, D.; Hummel, C. A.; Armstrong, J. T. (1994). "Maximum-entropy maps of the Be shell star zeta Tauri from optical long-baseline interferometry". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>283</b>: L13. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...283L..13Q">1994A&A...283L..13Q</a>.</cite></li></ul>
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<li><a href="Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li>
<li><a href="Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li>
<li><a href="Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a>
<ul><li><a href="Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li>
<li><a href="Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li>
<li><a href="T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li>
<li><a href="Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li>
<li><a href="Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li>
<li><a href="Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a>
<ul><li><a href="Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a>
<ul><li><a href="Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li>
<li><a href="Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li>
<li><a href="Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a>
<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li>
<li><a href="PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li>
<li><a href="Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li>
<li><a href="OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li>
<li><a href="Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li>
<li><a href="Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li>
<li><a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a>
<ul><li><a href="Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li>
<li><a href="Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li>
<li>Main sequence
<ul><li><a href="O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li>
<li><a href="B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li>
<li><a href="A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li>
<li><a href="F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li>
<li><a href="G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li>
<li><a href="K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a>
<ul><li><a href="Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li>
<li><a href="Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li>
<li><a href="OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li>
<li><a href="Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li>
<li><a href="Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li>
<li><a href="Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li>
<li><a href="Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li>
<li><a href="Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a>
<ul><li><a href="Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a>
<ul><li><a href="S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li>
<li><a href="CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li>
<li><a href="CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li>
<li><a href="Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a>
<ul><li><a href="Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li>
<li><a href="Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li>
<li><a href="CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li>
<li><a href="Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li>
<li><a href="Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li>
<li><a href="Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li>
<li><a href="Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li>
<li><a href="Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li>
<li><a href="Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a>
<ul></ul></li>
<li><a href="B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li>
<li><a href="Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a>
<ul><li><a href="Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li>
<li><a href="IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li>
<li><a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a>
<ul><li><a href="Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a>
<ul><li><a href="Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li>
<li><a href="Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a>
<ul><li><a href="Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li>
<li><a href="X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li>
<li><a href="X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a>
<ul><li><a href="X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li>
<li><a href="Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li>
<li><a href="Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li>
<li><a href="Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li>
<li><a href="Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li>
<li><a href="Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li>
<li><a href="Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li>
<li><a href="Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li>
<li><a href="Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li>
<li><a href="Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Black hole star
<ul><li><a href="Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li>
<li>Hawking</li>
<li><a href="Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li>
<li><a href="Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li>
<li><a href="Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li>
<li><a href="Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li>
<li><a href="White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li>
<li><a href="Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li>
<li><a href="Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li>
<li><a href="CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li>
<li><a href="Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li>
<li><a href="Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li>
<li><a href="Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li>
<li><a href="Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li>
<li><a href="Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li>
<li><a href="Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li>
<li><a href="S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li>
<li><a href="R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li>
<li><a href="P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li>
<li><a href="Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a>
<ul><li><a href="Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li>
<li><a href="Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li>
<li><a href="Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li>
<li><a href="Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li>
<li><a href="Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li>
<li><a href="Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a>
<ul><li><a href="Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a>
<ul><li><a href="Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li>
<li><a href="Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li>
<li><a href="Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a>
<ul><li><a href="Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li>
<li><a href="Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a>
<ul><li><a href="Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li>
<li><a href="Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a>
<ul><li><a href="Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li>
<li><a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>
<li><a href="Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li>
<li><a href="Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li>
<li><a href="Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li>
<li><a href="Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Gravity_darkening" title="Gravity darkening">Gravity darkening</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li>
<li><a href="Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li>
<li><a href="Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li>
<li><a href="Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li>
<li><a href="Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li>
<li><a href="Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li>
<li><a href="Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a>
<ul><li><a href="Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li>
<li><a href="Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li>
<li><a href="Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a>
<ul><li><a href="Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li>
<li><a href="Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li>
<li><a href="Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br>observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>
<ul><li><a href="Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li>
<li><a href="Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li>
<li><a href="Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li>
<li><a href="Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li>
<li><a href="Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li>
<li><a href="Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li>
<li><a href="Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a>
<ul><li><a href="Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li>
<li><a href="Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li>
<li><a href="Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li>
<li><a href="Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li>
<li><a href="Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_largest_stars" title="List of largest stars">Largest volume</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li>
<li><a href="Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_most_distant_stars" title="List of most distant stars">Most distant</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a>
<ul><li><a href="Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a>
<ul><li><a href="Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li>
<li><a href="Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li>
<li><a href="Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li>
<li><a href="Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li>
<li><a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li>
<li><a href="Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li>
<li><a href="Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">Neutron star merger</a></li>
<li><a href="Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li>
<li><a href="Stellar_engulfment" title="Stellar engulfment">Stellar engulfment</a></li>
<li><a href="Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul>
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<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AStars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul>
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